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John Dryden, The Preface to Ovid's Epistles (page 1)

John Dryden, The Preface to Ovid's Epistles (1680)

(...) Thus much concerning the Poet: whom you find translated by divers hands, that you may at least have that variety in the English, which the Subject denyed to the Authour of the Latine. It remains that I should say somewhat of Poetical Translations in general, and give my Opinion (with submission to better Judgments) which way of Version seems to me most proper.

All Translation I suppose may be reduced to these three heads.

First, that of Metaphrase, or turning an Authour word by word, and Line by Line, from one Language into another. Thus, or near this manner, was Horace his Art of Poetry translated by Ben. Johnson. The second way is that of Paraphrase, or Translation with Latitude, where the Authour is kept in view by the Translator, so as never to be lost, but his words are not so strictly follow'd as his sense, and that too is admitted to be amplyfied, but not alter'd. Such is Wallers Translation of Virgils Fourth Aeneid. The Third way is that of Imitation, where the Translator (if now he has not lost that Name) assumes the liberty not only to vary from the words and sence, but to forsake them both as he sees occasion: and taking only some general hints from the Original, to run division on the ground-work, as he pleases. Such is Mr. Cowleys practice in turning two Odes of Pindar, and one of Horace into English.

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John Dryden, The Preface aux épîtres d'Ovide (1680)

(...) Mais assez parlé du poète, que vous trouvez ici traduit par différentes mains, afin que vous disposiez au moins, dans la version anglaise, de la variété que l'auteur s'était vu refuser par son sujet dans le latin. Il me reste à dire quelques mots sur la traduction poétique en général, et à donner mon avis, tout en le soumettant aux jugements plus éclairés en la matière, sur la façon de traduire qui me paraît ici la plus appropriée.

Toute traduction peut se ramener, je suppose, à l'une des ces trois catégories:

D'abord, la métaphrase, c'est-à-dire la traduction d'un auteur mot à mot, et vers par vers, d'une langue vers l'autre. C'est ainsi, ou à peu de choses près, que Ben Jonson a traduit l'Art Poétique d'Horace. La seconde manière est la paraphrase, ou traduction avec latitude, où le traducteur garde les yeux sur son auteur, de manière à ne jamais le perdre de vue ; cependant, il en suit moins les mots que le sens, et ce dernier, il lui est encore permis de le développer, mais sans l'altérer. C'est de cette sorte que relève la traduction de la quatrième Énéide de Virgile par M. Waller. La troisième manière est l'imitation, où le traducteur (s'il n'en a pas désormais perdu le nom) se donne la liberté, non seulement de s'éloigner des mots et du sens, mais encore de les délaisser tous deux quand il en voit l'occasion, et de tirer seulement de l'original quelque inspiration générale pour composer sur le thème les variations qu'il lui plaira. C'est cette pratique qu'a adoptée M. Cowley pour rendre en anglais deux odes de Pindare et une ode d'Horace.

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  • by divers hands] See the introduction for a list of the contributors to Ovid's Epistles. The miscellany also offers alternative translations of the same text: Dryden's version of "Dido to Aeneas" is immediately followed by a second translation "by another hand", attributed to John Somers.
  •  that variety, which the subject denyed...] Earlier in the Preface, Dryden writes: "there seems to be no great variety in the particular subjects which he has chosen, most of the epistles being written from ladies who were forsaken by their lovers".
  •  something of Poetical Translations in general...] Dryden's first statement of his approach to translation, which will be expanded and amended over the following 20 years. For a discussion of Dryden's translation theory, see introduction.
  • Ben Jonson's translation of Horace's Ars Poetica was first published in 1640, and included in several miscellany editions of translations from Horace. See for example the first and second edition of Brome's The Poems of Horace, published in 1666 and 1671 (in the 1680 edition, significantly, Jonson's translation is replaced by a "paraphrase" by S. Pordage).
  •  kept in view... never to be lost] The theme of following, or racing with the author is a commonplace of translation discourse inherited from Seneca (Epistolae Morales, LXXIX.16) and Quintilian (Institutio Oratoria, X.ii.9-10). `
  • Mr Wallers Translation] The Passion of Dido for Aeneas Translated by Sidney Godolphin and Edmund Waller (London, 1658, reprinted in1679).
  •  if now he has not lost that Name] See Abraham Cowley's Preface to his Pindaric Odes (1656): "It does not at all trouble me that the Grammarians perhaps will not suffer this libertine way of rendring foreign Authors, to be called Translation..."
  • run division on the ground-work] to perform variations on the theme. Compare with Katherine Philips on translating Corneille: "I think, a Translation ought not to be used as Musicians do a Ground with all the Liberty of Descant, but as Painters when they copy..." Letters of Orinda to Poliarchus, XIX (c. 1663, publ. 1729)
  • Cowley's Pindarique Odes also include an "imitation" of Horace's Carmina, IV, ii.
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mise à jour le 12 septembre 2012


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